🇲🇽Mexico

Mexico spans 14°33′–32°43′N as a vast (approximately 1,964,375 km²) North American country between the United States and Guatemala/Belize, with a 9,330 km coastline on the Pacific (Gulf of California, Pacific proper) and the Atlantic (Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean).

Dramatic topography crossed by the Tropic of Cancer — the Sierra Madre Occidental in the west and Sierra Madre Oriental in the east flanking the high Mexican Plateau (Mexico City at 2,250 m), the Sierra Madre del Sur, the volcanic Trans-Mexican Belt with Pico de Orizaba at 5,636 m (the country's highest peak and North America's third-highest), the lush Yucatán Peninsula, the deserts of the Sonoran and Chihuahuan, and the lush Selva Lacandona of Chiapas — produces an extraordinary climate spectrum.

Hot desert (BWh) dominates Sonora and Chihuahua, hot semi-arid (BSh) covers the central plateaus, humid subtropical (Cwa / Cfa) appears in coastal lowlands, tropical savanna (Aw) spreads across the Pacific west coast and Yucatán, tropical rainforest (Af) and tropical monsoon (Am) blanket the Gulf coast and Chiapas, subtropical highland (Cwb) defines the central plateau (Mexico City), and tundra/alpine (ET) caps the volcanic peaks with permanent ice fields.

Mexico City averages 13°C in January and 18°C in May with 850 mm rainfall concentrated in wet season May–October. Cancún records 23°C in January and 28°C in July with 1,360 mm; Veracruz 22°C and 28°C with 1,650 mm; Monterrey 14°C and 28°C with 600 mm; Mexicali 13°C and 33°C with only 70 mm, regularly exceeding 50°C.

Major events include Hurricane Otis (October 2023, Category 5, Acapulco), Hurricane Patricia (October 2015, strongest Pacific hurricane on record), Hurricane Wilma (October 2005, Category 5, Cancún), the September 2017 Mexico City earthquake, and the 2020–24 northern Mexico megadrought. The 2024 heatwave saw Mexico City exceed 35°C and Mexicali reach 52°C. Iztaccíhuatl glaciers were declared extinct in 2018.

Our archive covers 146 Mexican cities with daily ERA5 reanalysis data going back to 1940. The warmest July averages occur in Mexicali, around 42.5°C, while Cuauhtémoc records the coldest January nights near 0.4°C. Comparing the last decade against the 1940–1970 baseline, mean temperatures across these cities have risen by about 1.8°C.