🇧🇷Brazil

Brazil spans roughly 5°N to 33°S, almost the entire range from equator to subtropics, covering 8.5 million km² and five major Köppen regimes: equatorial Af/Am in the Amazon (Manaus, Tabatinga), tropical savanna Aw across the Cerrado plateau, semi-arid BSh in the Sertão of the Northeast, humid subtropical Cfa in the southern states (Paraná, Santa Catarina, Rio Grande do Sul) plus highland Cwa/Cwb on the southeastern plateau (São Paulo, at roughly 750–900 m).

Manaus sees highs of 31–34°C and nights around 24°C year-round with over 2,300 mm rainfall and a discernible drier season from July to September; the Sertão (Petrolina) reaches 30–35°C with under 800 mm and multi-year droughts; São Paulo is kept mild by elevation, with highs around 26°C and nights around 16°C; Porto Alegre is cool in July (lows around 10°C) and hot in January (highs around 31°C).

The South Atlantic Convergence Zone drives summer rainfall over the southeast; ENSO strongly modulates rainfall: El Niño often produces drought in the Northeast and floods in the South. Convective storms produce frequent severe weather. The Amazon's hydrologic cycle is sensitive to deforestation feedback. Major events include the 2014 São Paulo drought and the 2024 Rio Grande do Sul floods.

Our archive covers 382 Brazilian cities with daily ERA5 reanalysis data going back to 1940. The hottest July afternoons are in Araguaína, with average highs around 33.6°C, while Caxias do Sul has the coldest January nights, with average lows near 15.7°C. Comparing the last decade against the 1940–1970 baseline, mean temperatures across these cities have risen by about 1.1°C.