🇲🇦Morocco

Morocco spans 27°40′–35°55′N as a North African country (approximately 446,550 km², excluding Western Sahara) on the strategic northwest corner of Africa with a 1,835 km Atlantic coast and a 512 km Mediterranean coast separated by the Strait of Gibraltar from Spain.

Dramatically mountainous topography includes the Rif Mountains running parallel to the Mediterranean coast (Jebel Tidirhine at 2,456 m), the High Atlas in the centre (Jebel Toubkal at 4,167 m, North Africa's highest peak, snow-capped November–April), the Middle Atlas (a forested cedar plateau receiving heavy winter snow), the Anti-Atlas in the south (Jebel Sirwa 3,304 m, Jebel Sahro), and the vast Saharan plateaus beyond.

This produces an exceptional climate spectrum — hot-summer Mediterranean (Csa) on the Mediterranean and Atlantic coasts (Tangier, Casablanca), warm-summer Mediterranean (Csb) on cool Atlantic upwelling stations (Essaouira, Agadir — among the world's most temperate cities), cold semi-arid (BSk) on the Atlas plateaus, hot semi-arid (BSh) in pre-Saharan oases, hot desert (BWh) in the deep south, and tundra/alpine (ET) on the highest Atlas summits with permanent winter snow.

Casablanca averages 13°C in January and 23°C in August with 410 mm rainfall November–March. Marrakech registers 12–29°C with 280 mm. Fez records 9–27°C with 530 mm. Ifrane at 1,664 m averages −1°C in January and 22°C in August with 1,100 mm and winter snow. Agadir on the Atlantic shows stability at 14–22°C with 240 mm. Tangier records 12–23°C with 720 mm. Toubkal summit averages −10°C.

Major events include a 50.4°C record at Agadir (August 2023), the September 2023 Marrakech earthquake, a 2018–2024 drought that reduced Atlas snowpack by about 40%, December 2014 southern floods, and Atlantic upwelling changes affecting sardine fisheries.

Our archive covers 36 Moroccan cities with daily ERA5 reanalysis data going back to 1940. The warmest July averages occur in Al Fqih Ben Çalah, around 37.6°C, while Khenifra records the coldest January nights near 3.4°C. Comparing the last decade against the 1940–1970 baseline, mean temperatures across these cities have risen by about 1.6°C.4°C at Agadir, the catastrophic September 2023 Marrakech earthquake compounded by climate stress, the historic 2018-24 multi-year drought reducing Atlas snowpack ~40%, the catastrophic December 2014 southern floods, and accelerating Atlantic upwelling shifts.