🇪🇬Egypt

Egypt spans 22°00′ to 31°37′N across northeast Africa, straddling the Sinai land bridge to Asia, dominated by the Nile Valley and Delta running south to north through approximately 95% desert terrain covering roughly 1.0 million km². The Western Desert encompasses the Great Sand Sea and the Qattara Depression at 133 m below sea level—Africa's second-lowest point—while the Eastern Desert slopes down to the Red Sea and the Sinai peninsula rises to Mt Catherine at 2,629 m and Mt Sinai at 2,285 m.

The climate is overwhelmingly hot arid BWh with a small hot Mediterranean Csa fringe along the narrow north coast at Alexandria and Marsa Matrouh and a small hot semi-arid BSh transition zone in between. The Sinai highlands exhibit a cooler BWk and BSk character with rare winter snow on Mt Catherine.

Cairo averages 14°C in January and 29°C in July with 25 mm rainfall concentrated November–February. Alexandria records 14°C in January and 27°C in July with 200 mm winter precipitation. Aswan in the south measures 16°C in January and 34°C in July with under 1 mm annual rainfall. Egypt's temperature record stands at 51°C recorded at Aswan in 1961. Khamsin hot dry winds drive sandstorms in spring. Flash floods have struck Sinai and the Eastern Desert in 2010 and 2020. Mediterranean coastal storms hit the north. Nile Delta subsidence combined with rising seas affects Alexandria and the food-producing Delta region.

Our archive covers 3 Egyptian cities with daily ERA5 reanalysis data going back to 1940. The warmest July averages occur in Giza, around 35.6°C, while Giza records the coldest January nights near 8°C. Comparing the last decade against the 1940–1970 baseline, mean temperatures across these cities have risen by about 1.6°C.