🇪🇬Egypt

Egypt spans 22°00′ to 31°37′N across northeast Africa, straddling the Sinai land bridge to Asia, dominated by the Nile Valley and Delta running south to north through approximately 95% desert terrain covering roughly 1.0 million km². The Western Desert encompasses the Great Sand Sea and the Qattara Depression at 133 m below sea level, Africa's second-lowest point, while the Eastern Desert slopes down to the Red Sea and the Sinai peninsula rises to Mt Catherine at about 2,630 to 2,650 m and Mt Sinai at 2,285 m.

The climate is overwhelmingly hot arid BWh, with a small hot semi-arid BSh fringe along the narrow north coast around Alexandria. The Sinai highlands are cooler, with rare winter snow on Mt Catherine.

Cairo sees January highs of 19°C and lows of 10°C and July highs of 35°C with 25 mm rainfall concentrated November–March. Alexandria sees January highs of 18°C and lows of 10°C and July highs of about 31°C with 200 mm winter precipitation. Aswan in the south sees January highs of 23°C and lows of 10°C and July highs of 42°C with only about 2 mm of annual rainfall. Aswan reached 50.9°C in June 2024. Khamsin hot dry winds drive sandstorms in spring. Flash floods struck Sinai in 2010. Mediterranean coastal storms hit the north. Rising seas threaten Alexandria and the food-producing Nile Delta.

Our archive covers 73 Egyptian cities with daily ERA5 reanalysis data going back to 1940. The hottest July afternoons are in Aswān, with average highs around 40.8°C, while Abnūb has the coldest January nights, with average lows near 7.2°C. Comparing the last decade against the 1940–1970 baseline, mean temperatures across these cities have risen by about 1.7°C.