🇩🇪Germany

Germany extends from 47°16′ to 55°03′N across central Europe, spanning the North Sea and Baltic coasts, the North German Plain at approximately 0 to 100 m elevation, the Central Uplands or Mittelgebirge (including the Harz, Eifel, Thuringian Forest, Black Forest, and Erzgebirge at 600 to 1,500 m), the Alpine Foreland, and the Bavarian Alps rising to Zugspitze at 2,962 m on the Austrian border.

The climate forms a transition from oceanic Cfb in the west and northwest (encompassing Cologne, Bremen, and Hamburg) to a more continental character in the east, where Berlin and Dresden are still Cfb but border on humid continental Dfb, with cooler Dfc and alpine ET on the highest peaks of the Black Forest, Harz, and Bavarian Alps. Westerly winds deliver Atlantic depressions year-round, moderating temperatures along the coast while the interior and eastern regions experience more pronounced seasonal swings.

Berlin sees January highs of 3°C and lows of −2°C and July highs of 25°C with 570 mm of rainfall showing a summer-convection peak. Munich in the Alpine foreland sees January highs of 4°C and lows of −2°C and July highs of 25°C, with 960 mm and occasional foehn winds. Hamburg displays a mild oceanic character, with January highs of 4°C and lows near 0°C and July highs of 23°C, with 770 mm of rain.

Freiburg in the warm Upper Rhine valley has reached 40.2°C (August 2003), while the national record is 41.8°C at Möckern-Drewitz on 27 June 2026. Zugspitze averages −5°C annually with persistent snow cover. Major events include the 1947 winter, the August 2002 Elbe flood, the 2003 European heatwave, the 2013 Danube floods, the July 2021 Ahr Valley floods (over 180 deaths in Germany), and the 2018–2020 megadrought.

Our archive covers 101 German cities with daily ERA5 reanalysis data going back to 1940. The hottest July afternoons are in Karlsruhe, with average highs around 24.8°C, while Munich has the coldest January nights, with average lows near −3.9°C. Comparing the last decade against the 1940–1970 baseline, mean temperatures across these cities have risen by about 2°C.