🇪🇨Ecuador

Ecuador spans 1°27′N–5°00′S in equatorial South America with three mainland regions plus the Galápagos; the coastal Costa lowlands (Guayaquil, Manta), the Sierra running through the country as a double Andean cordillera with active stratovolcanoes Chimborazo (6,263 m, the point on Earth's surface farthest from Earth's centre), Cotopaxi, Tungurahua, Cayambe, and Sangay, and the Oriente Amazon basin sloping east into the rainforest; produces extreme thermal-floor stratification and major Köppen regimes — tropical rainforest Af in the Oriente and on the wet Pacific Esmeraldas coast, tropical savanna Aw and hot semi-arid BSh on the southern coast (Santa Elena, Manabí), oceanic temperate Cfb in the Sierra valleys (Quito at 2,850 m, Cuenca, Loja), and tundra/ice ET/EF on the high stratovolcanoes; the Galápagos straddle the Equator with arid BWh / BSh at sea level cooled by the Humboldt and Cromwell currents.

Quito at 2,850 m averages 14°C year-round with 1,000 mm rainfall distributed across two wet seasons; Guayaquil is warm tropical at 26°C with 1,000 mm concentrated January–April; Esmeraldas on the wet Pacific coast receives 2,500 mm annually; the Oriente region averages 26°C and over 3,000 mm; Chimborazo's summit maintains permanent glaciation; the Galápagos at sea level average 22°C with 350 mm annually.

ENSO produces significant climate variations — strong El Niño events (1982–83, 1997–98, 2023) generate increased coastal rainfall and warm Pacific sea-surface temperatures, while La Niña episodes bring drought conditions. The 2016 Pedernales earthquake and recurring volcanic activity at Cotopaxi and Tungurahua have affected regional populations. Andean glaciers have undergone rapid retreat, with Cotopaxi losing 38 percent of its ice cover since 1976. Coastal mangrove ecosystems have experienced loss and Galápagos coral bleaching events have been documented.

Our archive covers 2 Ecuadorian cities with daily ERA5 reanalysis data going back to 1940. The warmest July averages occur in Guayaquil, around 27°C, while Quito records the coldest January nights near 9.2°C. Comparing the last decade against the 1940–1970 baseline, mean temperatures across these cities have risen by about 1.6°C.