🇦🇷Argentina

Argentina stretches from 22°S to 55°S across a vast 3,800 km north-south expanse, encompassing nearly every major Köppen climate type: humid subtropical (Cfa) in Mesopotamia, semi-arid (BSh and BSk) across the dry western Pampas and Patagonian steppe, hot and cold desert (BWh and BWk) in the Cuyo rain shadow and Patagonian interior, alpine tundra (ET) on the high Andean peaks, and cold oceanic (Cfc) conditions in Tierra del Fuego. The towering Andes form the western backbone, blocking Pacific moisture and creating one of the world's steepest precipitation gradients: Andean slopes near 41°S receive 4,000 mm annually while the Patagonian plateau farther east receives only 150 mm.

Buenos Aires at 34°S sees January highs around 30°C and July lows around 8°C with approximately 1,100 mm of rain spread fairly evenly through the year. The subtropical northeast (Iguazú and Misiones Province) receives over 1,800 mm, often from intense summer thunderstorms. Northwestern valleys around Salta experience pronounced dry winters and summer monsoon rains.

Patagonia's Atlantic coast at Comodoro Rivadavia totals less than 250 mm under relentless westerlies; Mendoza, in the Cuyo wine region, averages about 220–270 mm. The Zonda (a hot, dry foehn wind) descends from the Andes into Cuyo during winter and spring, occasionally exceeding 40°C. The sudestada brings cold rains and strong southeasterly winds to the Pampas. The Southern Patagonian Ice Field, shared with Chile, feeds dozens of outlet glaciers.

Our archive covers 39 Argentine cities with daily ERA5 reanalysis data going back to 1940. The hottest July afternoons are in Formosa, with average highs around 22°C, while Comodoro Rivadavia has the coldest January nights, with average lows near 14.5°C. Comparing the last decade against the 1940–1970 baseline, mean temperatures across these cities have risen by about 0.7°C.