🇦🇷Argentina

Argentina stretches from 22°S to 55°S across a vast 3,800 km north-south expanse, encompassing nearly every major Köppen climate type: humid subtropical (Cfa) in Mesopotamia, semi-arid (BSh and BSk) across the Pampas and Patagonian steppe, hot and cold desert (BWh and BWk) in the Cuyo rain shadow and Patagonian interior, alpine tundra (ET) on Andean peaks above 3,500 m, and cold oceanic (Cfc) conditions in Tierra del Fuego. The towering Andes form the western backbone, blocking Pacific moisture and creating one of the world's steepest precipitation gradients: Andean slopes near 41°S receive 4,000 mm annually while the Patagonian plateau 100 km east receives only 150 mm.

Buenos Aires at 34°S averages 25°C in January and 11°C in July with approximately 1,100 mm of rain spread fairly evenly through the year. The subtropical northeast—Iguazú and Misiones Province—receives over 1,800 mm, often from intense summer thunderstorms. Northwestern valleys around Salta experience pronounced dry winters and summer monsoon rains.

Patagonia's Atlantic coast at Comodoro Rivadavia totals less than 250 mm under relentless westerlies; Mendoza and the Cuyo wine region average around 200 mm. The Zonda—a hot, dry foehn wind—descends from the Andes into Cuyo during winter and spring, occasionally exceeding 40°C. The sudestada brings cold rains and strong southeasterly winds to the Pampas. The Northern and Southern Patagonian Ice Fields feed dozens of outlet glaciers.

Our archive covers 1 Argentine cities with daily ERA5 reanalysis data going back to 1940. The warmest July averages occur in Buenos Aires, around 13.7°C, while Buenos Aires records the coldest January nights near 20.5°C. Comparing the last decade against the 1940–1970 baseline, mean temperatures across these cities have risen by about 0.8°C.