🇷🇴Romania

Romania (238,397 km²) occupies southeastern Europe between 43°37′–48°15′N, bordered by the Black Sea (245 km coastline) to the east, the Danube River forming much of the southern border, and the dramatic arc of the Carpathian Mountains (highest peak Moldoveanu at 2,544 m) sweeping through the center, dividing the country into distinct climatic zones: Transylvania's interior plateau, the Wallachian and Moldavian plains, the coastal Dobrogea region, and the Danube Delta.

The climate is temperate continental, with the Carpathians blocking Atlantic maritime influences and creating pronounced regional variations: mountain areas receive over 1,010 mm precipitation annually with cool summers and snowy winters, while the interior plains and Dobrogea coast are drier with hot summers and cold winters.

Mean annual temperatures range from about 8°C in the north to 11°C in the southern plains, and are considerably lower in the high mountains. The country's major river systems (Siret, Prut, Olt, Mureș, and Argeș) all drain into the Danube, which flows 1,075 km through or along Romanian territory before emptying into the Black Sea via the biodiverse Danube Delta.

Bucharest has January highs of 3°C with lows near −5°C and July highs of 30°C with 650 mm annual precipitation. Cluj-Napoca has January highs of 1°C with lows near −5°C and July highs of 27°C with 650 mm. Timișoara (western Banat) has January highs of 4°C with lows near −3°C and July highs of 30°C with 600 mm. Constanța on the Black Sea coast has January highs of 5°C with lows near −1°C and July highs of 28°C with about 470 mm plus maritime moderation. Iași (eastern Moldavia) has January highs of 1°C with lows near −5°C and July highs of 29°C with 520 mm.

Romania has experienced significant climate events including the September 2024 floods in Galați (Storm Boris, 7 deaths in Romania), the 2022 heatwave, the 2005 floods, the 2010 floods, and the 2022 drought. National temperature extremes are 44.5°C (1951, Brăila County) and −38.5°C (1942, Brașov County), with a warm overnight low of 29.8°C recorded in Oravița in 2024.

Our archive covers 26 Romanian cities with daily ERA5 reanalysis data going back to 1940. The hottest July afternoons are in Craiova, with average highs around 29.9°C, while Piatra Neamţ has the coldest January nights, with average lows near −8.3°C. Comparing the last decade against the 1940–1970 baseline, mean temperatures across these cities have risen by about 2°C.