🇱🇻Latvia

Latvia lies at 55°40′–58°05′N as a Baltic state in northeastern Europe (approximately 64,589 km²) bordering Estonia, Russia, Belarus, and Lithuania, with a 498 km Baltic Sea coast including the deeply indented Gulf of Riga. The gently rolling lowland glacial landscape features the Vidzeme highlands in the east rising to Gaiziņkalns at 312 m (the country's highest point), the Latgale lake district (Lake Lubāns is the largest lake), and the Daugava River bisecting the country flowing into Riga Bay. This geography produces a humid continental climate (Dfb) across most of the country with a slightly milder oceanic-tinged (Cfb / Dfb transition) coast where the Baltic moderates winters.

Riga has January highs around 0°C and lows of about −5°C and July highs of about 24°C, with 700 mm rainfall fairly evenly distributed. Daugavpils in the southeast sees January highs of −2°C and lows of −7°C and July highs of 24°C with 635 mm, with colder continental winters. Liepāja on the western Baltic coast has January highs of 1°C and lows of −3°C and July highs of 22°C with 720 mm. Ventspils on the northwest coast sees January highs of 1°C and lows of −3°C and July highs of 21°C with 690 mm. Rēzekne sees January highs of about −2°C and lows of −7°C and July highs of 23°C with 640 mm.

Continuous snow cover lasts around 80 days a year in Riga. The all-time temperature range is approximately −43.2°C at Daugavpils in February 1956 to 37.8°C at Ventspils in August 2014. Major events include recurrent severe Daugava spring ice-jam floods, the severe summer 2018 drought-and-heatwave, and summer convective storms.

Comparing the last decade against the 1940–1970 baseline, mean temperatures across these cities have risen by about 2.6°C.