🇫🇮Finland

Finland extends from 59°48′ to 70°05′N across the Fennoscandian Shield, a Nordic country stretching approximately 1,160 km north to south from the Gulf of Finland to the Lapland Arctic. The Baltic Sea and Sweden lie to the west, Norway to the north, and Russia to the east. The landscape consists mostly of low forested rolling lowland at 100 to 200 m elevation dotted with around 188,000 lakes and shaped by glacial moraines.

The highest point is Halti at 1,324 m on the Norwegian border in northwest Lapland. The climate transitions from humid continental Dfb in the south—encompassing Helsinki and Turku—and centre—including Tampere and Jyväskylä—through subarctic Dfc across most of the country, covering Oulu, Kuopio, and Rovaniemi, to tundra ET above the treeline in northern Lapland at Utsjoki and Kilpisjärvi.

Helsinki averages −4°C in January and 17°C in July with 660 mm of rainfall, featuring cold winters with reliable snow cover from December to April. Tampere shows a similar pattern but slightly more continental character. Oulu on the Bothnian Bay experiences January means near −10°C. Rovaniemi at the Arctic Circle averages −12°C in winter and 16°C in summer with reliable snow cover from November to April.

Sodankylä in central Lapland regularly sees winter lows below −40°C, and the national all-time record of −51.5°C was set at Kittilä in 1999. Summer maxima can reach 32°C or higher even in Lapland during heatwaves, with the national record of 37.2°C set at Liperi in 2010. The Baltic Gulf of Bothnia regularly freezes solid in winter.

Finland has experienced several notable climate and weather events in recent decades. The 2010 Asta–Veera–Lahja storm cluster and the 2013 Hannu storm caused significant impacts on infrastructure and forests. Finland recorded particularly high temperatures during its 2022 summer, marking one of the warmest seasons on record. The Gulf of Bothnia has undergone rapid winter ice cover loss, altering traditional seasonal patterns.

Meanwhile, spruce bark beetle outbreaks have expanded across the boreal forests in response to warmer winter and spring conditions. These events—storms, heat extremes, ecological shifts, and reduced ice cover—reflect broader changes in Finland's climate system.

Our archive covers 0 Finnish cities with daily ERA5 reanalysis data going back to 1940.