🇨🇿Czech Republic

Lying between 48°33′ and 51°03′N in landlocked Central Europe, Czechia is encircled by border mountains (the Bohemian Forest, or Šumava, on the southwest; the Ore Mountains, Krušné hory, and Sudetes on the north; the Carpathian foothills, Beskydy, on the east), surrounding the rolling Bohemian basins and the Moravian lowlands. The highest peak is Sněžka in the Giant Mountains, Krkonoše, at 1,603 m.

The climate is transitional between oceanic Cfb in the lowlands and humid continental Dfb, with cooler subarctic Dfc on the highest border ranges. A modest oceanic-to-continental gradient runs west to east.

Prague sees January highs of about 4°C and lows near 0°C and July highs of about 27°C with roughly 525–590 mm of rain peaking in summer convective storms from June through August. Brno in southern Moravia receives about 510 mm. Ostrava near the Polish border sees humid conditions with 670 mm. Ústí nad Labem on the Elbe has recorded summer maxima near 37°C. Karlovy Vary at about 450 m has cooler springs.

Sněžka at 1,603 m has an annual mean near 0°C and more than 1,000 mm of precipitation with substantial winter snow. The country lies in the transition zone between oceanic and continental climates; the all-time record low is −42.2°C at Litvínovice in 1929, and the national heat record of 41.9°C was set at Doksany in June 2026. Major events include the August 2002 floods along the Vltava and Elbe, the 2013 floods, and the 2021 Hodonín tornado rated F4.

Our archive covers 5 Czech cities with daily ERA5 reanalysis data going back to 1940. The hottest July afternoons are in Brno, with average highs around 24.4°C, while Liberec has the coldest January nights, with average lows near −4.8°C. Comparing the last decade against the 1940–1970 baseline, mean temperatures across these cities have risen by about 2.2°C.