🇧🇦Bosnia and Herzegovina

Bosnia and Herzegovina spans 42°33′ to 45°15′N in the Western Balkans, where a narrow 20 km Adriatic coastline at Neum meets dramatic mountain terrain. The Dinaric Alps dominate the interior, culminating at Mount Maglić (2,386 m), and create three distinct macro-zones: a Mediterranean south in Herzegovina (Csa around Mostar), a continental–mountainous interior (Dfb across central Bosnia), and small humid subtropical pockets along the Sava River plain in the north.

Mostar experiences July maximum temperatures around 30°C with mild winters averaging 6°C, and receives roughly 1,500 mm of annual precipitation heavily skewed toward winter. Sarajevo, at 550 m elevation, sees January means near −1°C, July around 20°C, and approximately 930 mm of rain. Mountain stations above 1,500 m record over 2,000 mm annually, with snow cover lasting five months or more. The bora—a cold northeasterly wind—brings continental air in winter, while the jugo (sirocco) from the south carries humid heat. Spring floods along the Sava–Drina river basins are a recurrent hazard.

Our archive covers 5 Bosnian cities with daily ERA5 reanalysis data going back to 1940. The warmest July averages occur in Mostar, around 31°C, while Tuzla records the coldest January nights near −3.5°C. Comparing the last decade against the 1940–1970 baseline, mean temperatures across these cities have risen by about 2.4°C.