🇧🇦Bosnia and Herzegovina

Bosnia and Herzegovina spans roughly 42.5° to 45°N in the Western Balkans, where a narrow 20 km Adriatic coastline at Neum meets dramatic mountain terrain. The Dinaric Alps dominate the interior, culminating at Mount Maglić (2,386 m), and create three distinct macro-zones: a Mediterranean south in Herzegovina around Mostar, a continental–mountainous interior (Cfb–Dfb across central Bosnia), and small humid subtropical pockets along the Sava River plain in the north.

Mostar experiences July maximum temperatures around 33°C with mild winters (January highs around 9°C, lows near 3°C), and receives roughly 1,500 mm of annual precipitation heavily skewed toward winter. Sarajevo, at 550 m elevation, sees January lows near −3°C, July highs around 28°C, and approximately 930 mm of rain. High mountain stations such as Bjelašnica record over 1,000 mm annually, with long-lasting winter snow cover. The bora, a cold northeasterly wind, brings continental air in winter, while the jugo (sirocco) from the south carries humid heat. Spring floods along the Sava–Drina river basins are a recurrent hazard.

Our archive covers 5 Bosnian cities with daily ERA5 reanalysis data going back to 1940. The hottest July afternoons are in Mostar, with average highs around 31°C, while Tuzla has the coldest January nights, with average lows near −3.5°C. Comparing the last decade against the 1940–1970 baseline, mean temperatures across these cities have risen by about 2.4°C.