🇧🇾Belarus

Belarus spans 51°16′–56°10′N in landlocked eastern Europe, almost entirely a low rolling plain with mean elevation around 160 m and the highest point Dzyarzhynskaya Hara reaching just 345 m. The landscape features mixed forest, extensive peat bogs, and the Pripyat marshes in the south. A humid continental climate (Köppen Dfb) prevails throughout, transitioning subtly from milder Atlantic-influenced conditions in western Brest to colder, more continental regimes in eastern Vitebsk and Mahilyow.

Minsk averages −5°C in January and 18°C in July, with annual precipitation around 660 mm distributed evenly through the year and snow cover lasting roughly four months. The southern Pripyat lowlands are slightly warmer and more flood-prone during spring snowmelt, while the eastern Dvina–Dnieper headwaters receive heavier orographic precipitation. Cold-air outbreaks from Siberia can drop January nights below −30°C, and summer heatwaves now regularly push July maxima above 33°C. Major events include the 2010 European heatwave when Belarus reached +38°C and droughts in 1999 and 2018.

Our archive covers 13 Belarusian cities with daily ERA5 reanalysis data going back to 1940. The warmest July averages occur in Homyel', around 23.7°C, while Orsha records the coldest January nights near −9.8°C. Comparing the last decade against the 1940–1970 baseline, mean temperatures across these cities have risen by about 2.6°C.