🇦🇪United Arab Emirates

The United Arab Emirates lies between 22°N and 26°N on the Arabian Peninsula, with a hot desert climate (Köppen BWh) along the Persian Gulf coast extending inland across vast sand seas. The Hajar Mountains in the east, rising above 2,000 m, moderate temperatures in the eastern emirates and provide the country's only significant relief.

Summer temperatures in Abu Dhabi and Dubai regularly exceed 45°C, with coastal maxima reaching 48°C or higher in July and August, while winters stay mild — January minima around 10–14°C and daytime highs near 24°C. Annual rainfall averages 100–120 mm along the coast and rises to 200–350 mm on the Hajar slopes, falling mostly in winter.

Coastal humidity surges above 80% in late summer when the moist sharqi flow predominates, while the northwesterly shamal sweeps the country with dust and sometimes triggers convective storms over the eastern mountains. The shallow Persian Gulf, with surface temperatures above 33°C in summer, amplifies heat stress along the coast.

Our archive covers 1 Emirati cities with daily ERA5 reanalysis data going back to 1940. The warmest July averages occur in Dubai, around 41.7°C, while Dubai records the coldest January nights near 13.4°C. Comparing the last decade against the 1940–1970 baseline, mean temperatures across these cities have risen by about 2.3°C.