🇵🇰Pakistan

Pakistan spans 24°–37°N across South Asia (approximately 881,913 km²), straddling diverse climate zones from the towering Hindu Kush–Karakoram–Himalaya ranges in the north (K2 at 8,611 m, the world's second-highest peak) through Punjab's fertile Indus plains to the arid Thar Desert and coastal Balochistan–Sindh lowlands.

This extraordinary topographic diversity yields continental alpine climates (ET / Dsc) in Gilgit-Baltistan and northern Khyber Pakhtunkhwa with heavy winter snowfall and glacial systems, hot semi-arid (BSh) across most of Punjab and central Balochistan, arid desert (BWh) in Thar and Cholistan, and tropical (Aw) along the Sindh coast near Karachi. Monsoon rainfall (June–September) dominates the east while western disturbances bring winter precipitation to the north, creating one of Asia's most climatically varied nations.

Karachi averages 26°C in January and 33°C in June with 250 mm annual rainfall. Lahore registers 12°C and 35°C with 630 mm. Islamabad records 10°C and 33°C with 1,140 mm. Quetta (high-altitude valley) averages 4°C and 26°C with 240 mm. Multan reaches 13°C and 36°C with 190 mm. Jacobabad often exceeds 50°C in May–June.

Major events include the 2022 monsoon floods (June–October) that inundated one-third of the country—Sindh and Balochistan received 784% and 500% above-average rainfall—killing 1,739, affecting 33 million, causing $40 billion damage and triggering glacial lake outbursts. The 2010 floods killed 1,985 and displaced 20 million. The June 2015 Karachi heatwave (45°C) killed over 2,000. Turbat recorded 53.7°C on 28 May 2017—Asia's second-highest verified temperature. Hindu Kush–Karakoram glacier melt threatens water security and increases outburst risk.

Our archive covers 89 Pakistani cities with daily ERA5 reanalysis data going back to 1940. The warmest July averages occur in Garhi Khairo, around 41.8°C, while Abbottabad records the coldest January nights near −2.1°C. Comparing the last decade against the 1940–1970 baseline, mean temperatures across these cities have risen by about 0.2°C.