🇵🇰Pakistan

Pakistan spans roughly 24°–37°N across South Asia (approximately 881,913 km²), straddling diverse climate zones from the towering Hindu Kush–Karakoram–Himalaya ranges in the north (K2 at 8,611 m, the world's second-highest peak) through Punjab's fertile Indus plains to the arid Thar Desert and coastal Balochistan–Sindh lowlands.

This extraordinary topographic diversity yields continental alpine climates (ET / Dsc) in Gilgit-Baltistan and northern Khyber Pakhtunkhwa with heavy winter snowfall and glacial systems, hot semi-arid (BSh) across most of Punjab and semi-arid climates in central Balochistan, arid desert (BWh) in Thar and Cholistan, and hot semi-arid (BSh) along the Sindh coast near Karachi. Monsoon rainfall (June–September) dominates the east while western disturbances bring winter precipitation to the north, creating one of Asia's most climatically varied nations.

Karachi sees January highs of about 26°C with nights near 12°C and June highs near 36°C with roughly 220–330 mm annual rainfall. Lahore registers highs of 18°C and 39°C, with nights of 8°C and 27°C, and about 670 mm. Islamabad records highs of 18°C and 38°C, with nights of 4°C and 25°C, and 1,260 mm. Quetta (high-altitude valley) sees highs of about 12°C and 36°C, with nights near −2°C and 19°C, and about 300 mm. Multan reaches highs of 20°C and 42°C, with nights of 6°C and 29°C, and about 230 mm. Jacobabad can exceed 50°C in May–June.

Major events include the 2022 monsoon floods (June–October) that inundated large parts of the country (Sindh and Balochistan received 784% and 500% above-average rainfall), killing 1,739, affecting 33 million, causing an estimated $30–40 billion in damage and losses and triggering glacial lake outbursts. The 2010 floods killed 1,985 and affected 20 million. The June 2015 Karachi heatwave (45°C) killed about 2,000. Turbat recorded 53.7°C on 28 May 2017, Asia's second-highest verified temperature. Hindu Kush–Karakoram glacier melt threatens water security and increases outburst risk.

Our archive covers 89 Pakistani cities with daily ERA5 reanalysis data going back to 1940. The hottest July afternoons are in Garhi Khairo, with average highs around 41.8°C, while Abbottabad has the coldest January nights, with average lows near −2.1°C. Comparing the last decade against the 1940–1970 baseline, mean temperatures across these cities have risen by about 0.2°C.