🇦🇿Azerbaijan

Azerbaijan (38–42°N) sits in the South Caucasus between the Caspian Sea to the east, the Greater Caucasus range to the north (Bazardüzü 4,466 m), and the Lesser Caucasus and Talysh Mountains to the west and southeast. The central Kura-Aras lowland occupies much of the interior. Nine of the world's eleven Köppen climate types occur within the country's borders — a remarkable diversity for an area of 86,600 km² — ranging from semi-desert and dry steppe (BSk, BWk) across the lowlands to humid subtropical (Cfa) along the Lankaran coast and alpine tundra above 2,700 m.

The Kura-Aras lowland has a dry subtropical climate with mild winters and very hot summers averaging 27°C, often exceeding 35°C. Annual precipitation is 200–400 mm, much of it falling in spring and autumn. The Lankaran lowlands receive 1,600–1,800 mm — the country's wettest zone — with mild winters and warm, humid conditions.

The Absheron Peninsula (including Baku) is semi-arid with roughly 200–350 mm and is swept by the cold northerly Khazri wind and warm southerly Gilavar. Mountain zones above 1,500 m see heavy snow and more than 1,000 mm annually, with permanent ice at the highest elevations. Temperature extremes span from −33°C to +46°C in the Nakhchivan exclave.

Our archive covers 7 Azerbaijani cities with daily ERA5 reanalysis data going back to 1940. The warmest July averages occur in Yevlakh, around 34.3°C, while Tovuz records the coldest January nights near −1.9°C. Comparing the last decade against the 1940–1970 baseline, mean temperatures across these cities have risen by about 1.6°C.