🇪🇷Eritrea

Eritrea extends from 12° to 18°N as a Horn of Africa nation with a 1,151 km Red Sea coastline and three sharply contrasting altitude zones: the cool central highlands at 1,800 to 3,000 m anchored by Asmara and Mount Soira at 3,018 m, the hot Eastern lowlands encompassing the Danakil Depression that drops to about −75 m near Lake Kulul and ranks as one of Earth's hottest places, and the western lowlands sloping gently toward Sudan. This extreme topography produces three Köppen regimes: cool semi-arid BSk in the central highlands around Asmara, hot semi-arid BSh across the western lowlands, and hot arid to hyperarid BWh spanning the Danakil Depression and the Red Sea coast including Massawa and Assab.

Asmara at 2,325 m has daytime highs around 22°C in both January and July, with nights near 4°C in January and 11°C in July, and 520 mm of rainfall sharply concentrated in a July–August big-rains season plus smaller March–April little rains. Massawa on the Red Sea stands among Earth's hottest cities, with winter highs near 29°C, June to August highs above 40°C, summer nights around 26–28°C and under 200 mm of rain. Assab on the southern Red Sea coast is hotter still and even drier.

The Danakil Depression, which Eritrea shares with Ethiopia, is one of the hottest year-round places on Earth: nearby Dallol in Ethiopia averaged about 34°C in the 1960s, and the depression hosts active volcanoes such as Ethiopia's Erta Ale with its lava lake and vast salt deserts. The western lowlands are hot and semi-arid, with peak-season highs comparable to those on the coast. Recurrent multi-year Horn of Africa droughts have driven severe food insecurity. Sea-level rise and coastal heat pose risks to the Red Sea ports of Massawa and Assab.

Comparing the last decade against the 1940–1970 baseline, mean temperatures across these cities have risen by about 1.6°C.